A critical review on vegetable oil-based bio-lubricants: preparation, characterization, and challenges

Abstract Lubrication is a procedure that involves the use of chemical called lubricant to reduce wear on surfaces are in relative motion with each other. It aids transmission pressure created between opposing surfaces. Lubricants serve as anti-friction agents. They allow for flat-level operations by retaining superior machine functionality and reducing likelihood recurring breakdowns. In today's world, price crude oil rising tandem depletion reservoirs (oil). As result, protecting pollution-free environment major responsibility. The focus current research creating using an ecologically friendly made from renewable resources. This paper discusses preparation, characteristics, characterization advantages, uses vegetable oil-based non-edible lubricants. Chemical changes required since lubricants have lower thermal oxidative stability. article explores modification approaches improving properties bio-lubricants. bio-lubricants has been elaborately discussed, highlighting pros cons. drawbacks also future scope highlighted.